Pre-germination treatments of melon seeds for the production of seedlings irrigated with biosaline water

Abstract Melon production in the Brazilian semi-arid region is subject to the use of marginal waters with high salinity. However, the use of regulators and bioactivators in seed treatment can mitigate the harmful effects of salts in irrigation water. In this context, the objective was to evaluate the effect of pre-germination treatments with plant regulators and bioactivator in melon seeds for the production of seedlings irrigated with biosaline water from fish farming effluent. For this, two trials with the Goldex and Grand Prix hybrids were carried out separately. A completely randomized design was used in a 4 × 3 factorial scheme (pre-germination treatments × water dilutions). In addition to the control, the seeds were treated with salicylic and gibberellic acids and thiamethoxam. The waters used for irrigation were local-supply water, fish farming effluent (biosaline water) and these diluted to 50%. Physiological and biochemical analyses were performed for fourteen days. Biosaline water (5.0 dS m-1) did not affect the emergence of Goldex melon seedlings, but compromised the establishment of the Grand Prix cultivar. Seed pre-treatments with salicylic and gibberellic acids attenuate the effects of water salinity and promote growth modulations, resulting in more vigorous melon seedlings.

Resumo A produção de meloeiro no semiárido brasileiro está sujeita a utilização de águas marginais com salinidade elevada. Entretanto, a utilização de reguladores e bioativadores no tratamento de sementes podem mitigar os efeitos nocivos dos sais na água de irrigação. Nesse sentido, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de tratamentos pré-germinativos com fitorreguladores e bioativador em sementes de melão para a produção de mudas irrigadas com água biossalina de efluente de piscicultura. Para isso, dois ensaios com os híbridos Goldex e Grand Prix foram realizados separadamente. Utilizou-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 4 × 3 (tratamentos pré-germinativos × diluições de água). Além do controle, as sementes foram tratadas com os ácidos salicílico e giberélico, e tiametoxam. As águas utilizadas para irrigação foram a de abastecimento local, efluente de piscicultura (água biossalina) e estas diluídas a 50%. Durante quatorze dias foram realizadas as análises fisiológicas e bioquímicas. A água biossalina (5,0 dS m-1) não afetou a emergência de plântulas de meloeiro Goldex, mas prejudicou o estabelecimento da cultivar Grand Prix. Os pré-tratamentos de sementes com os ácidos salicílico e giberélico atenuam os efeitos da salinidade da água e promovem modulações no crescimento, proporcionando mudas de meloeiro mais vigorosas.

Pre-germination treatments of melon seeds for the production of seedlings irrigated with biosaline water / Tratamentos pré-germinativos de sementes de melão para a produção de mudas irrigadas com água biossalina

Abstract Melon production in the Brazilian semi-arid region is subject to the use of marginal waters with high salinity. However, the use of regulators and bioactivators in seed treatment can mitigate the harmful effects of salts in irrigation water. In this context, the objective was to evaluate the effect of pre-germination treatments with plant regulators and bioactivator in melon seeds for the production of seedlings irrigated with biosaline water from fish farming effluent. For this, two trials with the Goldex and Grand Prix hybrids were carried out separately. A completely randomized design was used in a 4 × 3 factorial scheme (pre-germination treatments × water dilutions). In addition to the control, the seeds were treated with salicylic and gibberellic acids and thiamethoxam. The waters used for irrigation were local-supply water, fish farming effluent (biosaline water) and these diluted to 50%. Physiological and biochemical analyses were performed for fourteen days. Biosaline water (5.0 dS m-1) did not affect the emergence of Goldex melon seedlings, but compromised the establishment of the Grand Prix cultivar. Seed pre-treatments with salicylic and gibberellic acids attenuate the effects of water salinity and promote growth modulations, resulting in more vigorous melon seedlings.

Resumo A produção de meloeiro no semiárido brasileiro está sujeita a utilização de águas marginais com salinidade elevada. Entretanto, a utilização de reguladores e bioativadores no tratamento de sementes podem mitigar os efeitos nocivos dos sais na água de irrigação. Nesse sentido, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de tratamentos pré-germinativos com fitorreguladores e bioativador em sementes de melão para a produção de mudas irrigadas com água biossalina de efluente de piscicultura. Para isso, dois ensaios com os híbridos Goldex e Grand Prix foram realizados separadamente. Utilizou-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 4 × 3 (tratamentos pré-germinativos × diluições de água). Além do controle, as sementes foram tratadas com os ácidos salicílico e giberélico, e tiametoxam. As águas utilizadas para irrigação foram a de abastecimento local, efluente de piscicultura (água biossalina) e estas diluídas a 50%. Durante quatorze dias foram realizadas as análises fisiológicas e bioquímicas. A água biossalina (5,0 dS m-1) não afetou a emergência de plântulas de meloeiro Goldex, mas prejudicou o estabelecimento da cultivar Grand Prix. Os pré-tratamentos de sementes com os ácidos salicílico e giberélico atenuam os efeitos da salinidade da água e promovem modulações no crescimento, proporcionando mudas de meloeiro mais vigorosas.

Colesteatoma del conducto auditivo externo: Experiencia de 5 años Hospital del Salvador / External ear canal cholesteatoma: 5-year experience Hospital del Salvador

Introducción: El colesteatoma del conducto auditivo externo (CCAE) es una estructura quística revestida por epitelio escamoso estratificado queratinizado que tiene la capacidad de invadir y erosionar localmente al hueso temporal. Su incidencia es de 0,19 a 0,3/100.000 habitantes siendo 60 veces menos frecuente que el de oído medio. Objetivo: Describir las características epidemiológicas, clínicas, imagenológicas y tratamiento de los pacientes diagnosticados con CCAE en el Servicio de Otorrinolaringología Hospital del Salvador. Material y Método: Se presenta una serie de ocho casos clínicos recopilados durante el período 2017 y 2021. Se realizó revisión de fichas clínicas, biopsias y tomografías computadas de oídos (TC oídos). Se describen los hallazgos y tratamiento efectuado. Resultados: El promedio de edad fue de 65,6 años, correspondiente a 5 mujeres y 3 hombres con presencia de tabaquismo y diabetes en la mitad de los casos. Los síntomas y signos más frecuentes fueron otalgia e hipoacusia seguido de otorrea. 7 pacientes se presentaron con tímpano íntegro y el compromiso de la pared inferior del conducto se evidenció en 6 de 8 pacientes. La TC oídos mostró erosión ósea del conducto, con o sin compromiso de estructuras adyacentes, en todos los casos y el diagnóstico histológico fue efectuado en el 100% de los pacientes. Se privilegió el tratamiento conservador mediante curaciones óticas periódicas asociado a ácido salicílico al 3% y/o antibióticos tópicos en 6/8 pacientes. Conclusiones: El CCAE es una entidad poco frecuente sin signos ni síntomas patognomónicos por lo que el diagnóstico histológico junto con el estudio imagenológico es perentorio. El tratamiento conservador es una alternativa terapéutica válida que ofrece buenos resultados en pacientes con adecuada adherencia al tratamiento y posibilidad de seguimiento estricto.

Introduction: External ear canal cholesteatoma (EECC) is a cystic structure lined by keratinized stratified squamous epithelium that has the ability to locally invade and erode the temporal bone. Its incidence is 0.19 to 0.3 / 100,000 habitants, being 60 times less frequent than that of the middle ear. Aim: To describe the epidemiological, clinical, imaging and treatment characteristics of patients diagnosed with EECC in the Hospital del Salvador ENT department. Material and Methods: A series of eight clinical cases collected during the period 2017 and 2021 is presented. A review of clinical records, biopsies and computed tomography of the ear (ear CT) was carried out. The findings and treatment carried out are described. Results: The average age was 65.6 years corresponding to 5 women and 3 men with the presence of smoking and diabetes in half of the cases. The most frequent symptoms and signs were earache and hearing loss followed by otorrhea. 7 patients presented with an intact eardrum and compromise of the inferior wall of the canal was evidenced in 6 of 8 patients. Ears CT showed bone erosion of the canal with or without compromise of adjacent structures in all cases and the histological diagnosis was made in 100% of the patients. Conservative treatment with periodic ear dressings associated with 3% salicylic acid and / or topical antibiotics was favored in 6/8 patients. Conclusion: EECC is a rare entity without pathognomonic signs or symptoms, therefore the histological diagnosis together with the imaging study is peremptory. Conservative treatment is a valid therapeutic alternative that offers good results in patients with adequate adherence to treatment and the possibility of strict follow-up.

Osmoprotection in Salvia hispanica L seeds under water stress attenuators / Osmoproteção em sementes de Salvia hispanica L sob atenuadores do estresse hídrico

Salvia hispanica cultivation is recent in Brazil and occurs in the off-season, when there is lower water availability in the soil. Water deficit is one of the abiotic factors that most limit germination for compromising the sequence of metabolic events that culminate with seedling emergence. Several attenuating substances have been used to mitigate the effects resulting from this stress and give higher tolerance to the species. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the action of different agents as water stress attenuators in the germination and accumulation of organic compounds in S. hispanica seedlings. The treatments consisted of pre-soaking the seeds for 4 hours in salicylic acid (1 mM.L-¹), gibberellic acid (0.4 mM.L-¹), distilled water and control treatment (without soaking). The seeds were germinated at osmotic potentials of 0.0, -0.1, -0.2, -0.3 and -0.4 MPa, using PEG 6000 as an osmotic agent. The variables germination percentage, germination speed index, shoot and primary root lengths, total dry mass, proline, total soluble sugars and total free amino acids were analyzed. Salicylic acid and gibberellic acid led to the best results among the attenuators tested, increasing germination, length, dry mass and biochemical components of S. hispanica seedlings under water deficit. Therefore, salicylic and gibberellic acids are efficient in mitigating water stress in S. hispanica seeds up to the potential of -0.4 MPa.

O cultivo da Salvia hispanica é recente no Brasil e se dá no período de entressafra, quando há menor disponibilidade hídrica no solo. O déficit hídrico é um dos fatores abióticos que mais limitam a germinação por comprometer a sequência de eventos metabólicos que culminam com a emergência da plântula. Diversas substâncias atenuadoras têm sido empregadas com a finalidade de mitigar os efeitos resultantes desse estresse e conferir maior tolerância às espécies. Desse modo, objetivou-se avaliar a ação de diferentes agentes como atenuadores do estresse hídrico na germinação e acúmulo de compostos orgânicos em plântulas de S. hispanica. Os tratamentos consistiram na pré-embebição das sementes durante 4 horas em ácido salicílico (1 mM.L-¹), ácido giberélico (0,4 mM.L-¹), água destilada e o tratamento controle (sem embebição). As sementes foram germinadas sob os potenciais osmóticos 0,0, -0,1, -0,2, -0,3 e -0,4 MPa, utilizando PEG 6000 como agente osmótico. Analisaram-se as variáveis porcentagem de germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação, comprimento da parte aérea e da raiz primária, massa seca total, prolina, açúcares solúveis totais e aminoácidos livres totais. O ácido salicílico e o ácido giberélico apresentaram os melhores resultados, dentre os atenuadores testados, incrementando a germinação, o comprimento, a massa seca e os componentes bioquímicos de plântulas de S. hispanica sob déficit hídrico. Logo, os ácidos salicílico e giberélico são eficientes na mitigação do estresse hídrico em sementes de S. hispanica até o potencial -0,4 MPa.

Osmoprotection in Salvia hispanica L. seeds under water stress attenuators

Abstract Salvia hispanica cultivation is recent in Brazil and occurs in the off-season, when there is lower water availability in the soil. Water deficit is one of the abiotic factors that most limit germination for compromising the sequence of metabolic events that culminate with seedling emergence. Several attenuating substances have been used to mitigate the effects resulting from this stress and give higher tolerance to the species. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the action of different agents as water stress attenuators in the germination and accumulation of organic compounds in S. hispanica seedlings. The treatments consisted of pre-soaking the seeds for 4 hours in salicylic acid (1 mM.L-1), gibberellic acid (0.4 mM.L-1), distilled water and control treatment (without soaking). The seeds were germinated at osmotic potentials of 0.0, -0.1, -0.2, -0.3 and -0.4 MPa, using PEG 6000 as an osmotic agent. The variables germination percentage, germination speed index, shoot and primary root lengths, total dry mass, proline, total soluble sugars and total free amino acids were analyzed. Salicylic acid and gibberellic acid led to the best results among the attenuators tested, increasing germination, length, dry mass and biochemical components of S. hispanica seedlings under water deficit. Therefore, salicylic and gibberellic acids are efficient in mitigating water stress in S. hispanica seeds up to the potential of -0.4 MPa.

Resumo O cultivo da Salvia hispanica é recente no Brasil e se dá no período de entressafra, quando há menor disponibilidade hídrica no solo. O déficit hídrico é um dos fatores abióticos que mais limitam a germinação por comprometer a sequência de eventos metabólicos que culminam com a emergência da plântula. Diversas substâncias atenuadoras têm sido empregadas com a finalidade de mitigar os efeitos resultantes desse estresse e conferir maior tolerância às espécies. Desse modo, objetivou-se avaliar a ação de diferentes agentes como atenuadores do estresse hídrico na germinação e acúmulo de compostos orgânicos em plântulas de S. hispanica. Os tratamentos consistiram na pré-embebição das sementes durante 4 horas em ácido salicílico (1 mM.L-1), ácido giberélico (0,4 mM.L-1), água destilada e o tratamento controle (sem embebição). As sementes foram germinadas sob os potenciais osmóticos 0,0, -0,1, -0,2, -0,3 e -0,4 MPa, utilizando PEG 6000 como agente osmótico. Analisaram-se as variáveis porcentagem de germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação, comprimento da parte aérea e da raiz primária, massa seca total, prolina, açúcares solúveis totais e aminoácidos livres totais. O ácido salicílico e o ácido giberélico apresentaram os melhores resultados, dentre os atenuadores testados, incrementando a germinação, o comprimento, a massa seca e os componentes bioquímicos de plântulas de S. hispanica sob déficit hídrico. Logo, os ácidos salicílico e giberélico são eficientes na mitigação do estresse hídrico em sementes de S. hispanica até o potencial -0,4 MPa.

Osmoprotection in Salvia hispanica L. seeds under water stress attenuators / Osmoproteção em sementes de Salvia hispanica L. sob atenuadores do estresse hídrico

Salvia hispanica cultivation is recent in Brazil and occurs in the off-season, when there is lower water availability in the soil. Water deficit is one of the abiotic factors that most limit germination for compromising the sequence of metabolic events that culminate with seedling emergence. Several attenuating substances have been used to mitigate the effects resulting from this stress and give higher tolerance to the species. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the action of different agents as water stress attenuators in the germination and accumulation of organic compounds in S. hispanica seedlings. The treatments consisted of pre-soaking the seeds for 4 hours in salicylic acid (1 mM.L-1), gibberellic acid (0.4 mM.L-1), distilled water and control treatment (without soaking). The seeds were germinated at osmotic potentials of 0.0, -0.1, -0.2, -0.3 and -0.4 MPa, using PEG 6000 as an osmotic agent. The variables germination percentage, germination speed index, shoot and primary root lengths, total dry mass, proline, total soluble sugars and total free amino acids were analyzed. Salicylic acid and gibberellic acid led to the best results among the attenuators tested, increasing germination, length, dry mass and biochemical components of S. hispanica seedlings under water deficit. Therefore, salicylic and gibberellic acids are efficient in mitigating water stress in S. hispanica seeds up to the potential of -0.4 MPa.

O cultivo da Salvia hispanica é recente no Brasil e se dá no período de entressafra, quando há menor disponibilidade hídrica no solo. O déficit hídrico é um dos fatores abióticos que mais limitam a germinação por comprometer a sequência de eventos metabólicos que culminam com a emergência da plântula. Diversas substâncias atenuadoras têm sido empregadas com a finalidade de mitigar os efeitos resultantes desse estresse e conferir maior tolerância às espécies. Desse modo, objetivou-se avaliar a ação de diferentes agentes como atenuadores do estresse hídrico na germinação e acúmulo de compostos orgânicos em plântulas de S. hispanica. Os tratamentos consistiram na pré-embebição das sementes durante 4 horas em ácido salicílico (1 mM.L-1), ácido giberélico (0,4 mM.L-1), água destilada e o tratamento controle (sem embebição). As sementes foram germinadas sob os potenciais osmóticos 0,0, -0,1, -0,2, -0,3 e -0,4 MPa, utilizando PEG 6000 como agente osmótico. Analisaram-se as variáveis porcentagem de germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação, comprimento da parte aérea e da raiz primária, massa seca total, prolina, açúcares solúveis totais e aminoácidos livres totais. O ácido salicílico e o ácido giberélico apresentaram os melhores resultados, dentre os atenuadores testados, incrementando a germinação, o comprimento, a massa seca e os componentes bioquímicos de plântulas de S. hispanica sob déficit hídrico. Logo, os ácidos salicílico e giberélico são eficientes na mitigação do estresse hídrico em sementes de S. hispanica até o potencial -0,4 MPa.

Chemical profile, anti 5-lipoxygenase and cyclooxegenase inhibitory effects of ginger (Zingiber officinale) rhizome, callus and callus treated with elicitors / Perfil químico, anti-5-lipoxigenase e efeitos inibitórios da ciclooxegenase do rizoma de gengibre (Zingiber officinale), do calo e calos tratados com elicitores

The present study investigated the chemical profiles and evaluated the inhibitory effect against 5-Lipoxygenase (5-Lox) activity for extracts of ginger rhizome, callus, and callus treated with the elicitors; yeast extract (100, 300 and 500 mg/L), glycine (100, 200 and 300 mg/L) and salicylic acid (100 and 200 mg/L). Oils and chloroform: methanol (CM) extracts were prepared by maceration in petroleum ether and CM (1:1, v/v), respectively. Chemical profiles were determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis. Oil of the callus recorded higher 5-Lox inhibitory effect (IC50 58.33±4.66 µg/mL) than the oil of rhizome (IC50168.34±15.64 µg/mL) and comparable to that of the positive control; Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (IC50 61.25±1.02 µg/mL). The chemical profile of the callus oil contained large amounts of fatty acids, mainly the unsaturated fatty acid oleic acid (31.11%) and saturated fatty acid palmitic acid (28.56%). Elicitors modified the chemical profile of the callus and ameliorated the anti-5-Lox activity of CM extract of the callus. CM extracts of callus treated with 100 and 300 mg/L yeast extract and 50 mg/L salicylic acid significantly suppressed (P ≤ 0.05) the 5-Lox activity by 33.16%, 25.46% and 16%, respectively as compared to the CM extract of untreated callus. In conclusion, ginger callus could be considered as a valuable dietary supplement in the treatment of various inflammatory disorders.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar os perfis químicos e avaliar o efeito inibitório da atividade da 5-Lipoxigenase (5-Lox) em extratos de rizoma, calo e calo de gengibre tratados com os eliciadores; extrato de levedura (100, 300 e 500 mg / L), glicina (100, 200 e 300 mg / L) e ácido salicílico (100 e 200 mg / L). Extratos de óleos e clorofórmio: metanol (CM) foram preparados por maceração em éter e CM (1: 1, v / v), respectivamente. Os perfis químicos foram determinados por análise de cromatografia gasosa / espectrometria de massa (GC / MS). O óleo do calo registrou maior efeito inibitório de 5-Lox (IC50 58,33 ± 4,66 µg / mL) do que o óleo de rizoma (IC50168,34 ± 15,64 µg / mL) e comparável ao do controle positivo; Ácido nordi-hidroguaiarético (IC50 61,25 ± 1,02 µg / mL). O perfil químico do óleo de calo continha grandes quantidades de ácidos graxos, principalmente o ácido graxo insaturado ácido oleico (31,11%) e ácido graxo saturado palmítico (28,56%). Os elicitores modificaram o perfil químico do calo e melhoraram a atividade anti-5-Lox do extrato de CM do calo. Extratos de CM de calos tratados com 100 e 300 mg / L de extrato de levedura e 50 mg / L de ácido salicílico suprimiram significativamente (P ≤ 0,05) a atividade de 5-Lox em 33,16%, 25,46% e 16%, respectivamente, em comparação com o extrato de CM de calo não tratado. Em conclusão, o calo de gengibre pode ser considerado um suplemento dietético valioso no tratamento de vários distúrbios inflamatórios.

[Non-antibiotic treatment of interdigital hyperplasia secondary infected with digital dermatitis treponemes in dairy cows]. / Nicht-antibiotische Behandlung von Dermatitis digitalis infizierter Hyperplasia interdigitalis beim Milchvieh.

INTRODUCTION: Since the spread of classical digital dermatitis (DD) lesions within the cattle population, frequency of infections of interdigital hyperplasia (IH) lesions with DD-associated Treponema spp. (IH+DD) increased. The aim of the present case series is to describe an alternative treatment technique to surgical lesion removal or local treatment of HI+DD lesions with antibiotics. In this report, the effect of repeated local administration of salicylic acid paste, protected by a water repellent bandage was described and assessed for the treatment of four dairy cows with IH+DD lesions. Milker's fat Eutra was applied to the unaffected skin adjacent to the lesion to protect healthy skin from the keratolytic properties of salicylic acid paste. Treatment was repeated at weekly intervals in all four cases until the IH+DD lesions had completely clinically healed. Two cows additionally showed classical DD lesions between the heels. Clinical healing was defined as remission of IH and complete healing of the DD lesions located on IH lesions and between the heels. Complete healing was evident at three weeks of treatment in all four cases. Weekly repeated topical application of salicylic acid paste under bandage may be recommended as an alternative to surgical or antibiotic treatment of IH+DD lesions.

INTRODUCTION: Depuis la propagation des lésions classiques de dermatite digitale (DD) dans la population bovine, on constate une multiplication des hyperplasies interdigitées infectées par des Treponema spp. associés à la DD (IH+DD). Le but de cette étude de cas est de décrire une méthode alternative de traitement des lésions IH+DD en remplacement de l'excision chirurgicale resp. du traitement local avec des antibiotiques. L'effet d'une application locale répétée sous pansement d'une pâte à base d'acide salicylique pour le traitement de quatre vaches présentant des lésions IH+DD est décrit et évalué dans ce rapport. De la graisse à traire a été appliquée sur la peau saine adjacente, afin de la protéger des effets kératolytiques de la pâte à base d'acide salicylique. Le traitement a été répété à intervalles d'une semaine jusqu'à guérison clinique complète des lésions IH+DD pour les quatre cas. Deux vaches présentaient en plus des lésions classiques de DD dans la région des talons. La guérison clinique a été définie comme l'involution de l'hyperplasie interdigitée et la guérison complète des lésions de DD situées en surface et entre les talons. La durée jusqu'à la guérison clinique complète était dans les quatre cas de trois semaines. Une application topique répétée de pâte à bas d'acide salicylique sous pansement peut être recommandée comme alternative au traitement chirurgical et antibiotique de lésions IH+DD.

Efecto fisiológico de elicitores en el crecimiento y desarrollo de papa (Solanum tuberosum L.) variedad Diacol Capiro / Physiological effect of elicitors on the growth and development of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) variety Diacol Capiro

RESUMEN La utilización de elicitores es frecuente en la inducción de diferentes respuestas relacionadas con la resistencia sistémica de las plantas; no obstante, no se ha caracterizado el gasto metabólico que generan en el cultivo de papa variedad Diacol Capiro, que es la más utilizada para el procesamiento industrial en Colombia, debido a su calidad y alta producción. En esta investigación, se evaluó el efecto de cuatro elicitores en el crecimiento y desarrollo del cultivo de papa, en la vereda El Toval, del municipio de Tutazá, Boyacá. El diseño experimental fue en parcelas divididas, en donde la parcela principal fue la etapa fenológica, en la que se hizo la aplicación (E1; formación de tallos secundarios), época dos (E2; floración) y época tres (E3; aplicación tanto en formación de tallos secundarios como en floración) y la subparcela, con los elicitores aplicados (glucosamina, ácido γ-amino butírico, fosfito de potasio y ácido salicílico) y el testigo sin aplicación. Los datos fueron tomados a los 60, 80 y 100 días después de la siembra, teniendo como variables: altura de la planta, número de foliolos, clorofilas totales, eficiencia fotosintética, biomasa seca y producción. La glucosamina fue el tratamiento que obtuvo menores resultados en la mayoría de variables evaluadas con respecto al testigo; asimismo, los elicitores tienen efectos diferentes, dependiendo del estado fenológico del cultivo, especialmente, en la época de formación de tallos secundarios. El ácido salicílico (AS) presentó un comportamiento estadísticamente similar al del testigo, mientras que los demás elicitores aplicados, disminuyeron la producción de papa.

ABSTRACT Elicitors are frequently employed for the induction of different responses related to the systemic resistance of plants, however, it has not been fully characterized in the metabolic expenditure generated in the cultivation of the potato variety Diacol Capiro, the most planted for industrial processing in Colombia due to its quality and production. In this research, the effect of four elicitors on the growth and development of the potato crop was evaluated, in the municipality of Tutazá, Boyacá. The experimental design was divided plots, being the main plot the phenological stage in which the application was made (E1; formation of secondary stems), season two (E2; flowering) and season three (E3; application both in formation of secondary stems as in flowering) and the subplot, the applied elicitors (glucosamine, γ-amino butyric acid, potassium phosphite and salicylic acid) and the control without application. Data were taken 60, 80 and 100 days after sowing, having as variables: plant height, number of leaflets, total chlorophylls, photosynthetic efficiency, dry biomass and production. With the use of glucosamine the lowest results were obtained in most of the variables evaluated with respect to the control, likewise, elicitors had different effects depending on the phenological state of the crop, especially at the moment of secondary stem formation. Salicylic acid (AS) presented a statistically similar behavior to that of the control while the other applied elicitors decreased potato production.

Effect of salicylic acid and silver nitrate on rutin production by Hyptis marrubioides cultured in vitro / Efeito do ácido salicílico e nitrato de prata na produção de rutina por Hyptis marrubioides cultivada in vitro

ABSTRACT: Hyptis marrubioides (Lamiaceae) is a medicinal plant that is native from Brazilian Cerrado. In vitro propagation techniques make use of elicitors to alter metabolic pathways, affecting how molecules are produced both qualitatively and quantitatively. This research aimed to evaluate how abiotic elicitors salicylic acid (SA) and silver nitrate (SN) at concentrations of 30µM or 60µM influence Hyptis marrubioides seedling growth by two different in vitro culture methods. The rutin content was quantified by HPLC-DAD. Compared to an untreated culture, the H. marrubioides methanolic extracts cultured in MS medium for 10 days followed by culture in MS medium containing SN (30µM) for 20 days had 1.28 times higher rutin content. In a second experiment, seedlings were cultured in MS medium for 20 days, and then the desired elicitor was added to the culture and allowed to remain in contact with the medium for three and six days. SA (30µM) gave the best results: rutin production was 16.56-foldhigher than the control after six days. SN (30µM) increased the rutin content by 1.17-fold. At the two concentrations evaluated during the elicitation experiments, neither SA nor SN altered the growth parameters shoot length, leaf number, and fresh and dry weight of H. marrubioides seedlings grown in vitro as compared to the control. Based on these results, the abiotic elicitors SA and SN successfully provide Hyptis marrubioides with increased rutin content in vitro.

RESUMO: Hyptis marrubioides (Lamiaceae) é uma planta medicinal nativa do Cerrado brasileiro. Técnicas de propagação in vitro fazem uso de elicitores para alterar as vias metabólicas, afetando a produção de moléculas qualitativa e quantitativamente. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar como os elicitores abióticos ácido salicílico (SA) e nitrato de prata (SN) nas concentrações de 30µM ou 60µM influenciam no crescimento de plântulas de Hyptis marrubioides por dois diferentes métodos de cultivo in vitro. O teor de rutina foi quantificado por CLAE-DAD. Em comparação com uma cultura não tratada, os extratos metanólicos de H. marrubioides cultivados em meio MS por 10 dias, seguidos de cultura em meio MS contendo SN (30µM) por 20 dias, apresentaram 1,28 vezes maior teor de rutina. Em um segundo experimento, as plântulas foram cultivadas em meio MS por 20 dias, e então o elicitor desejado foi adicionado à cultura e deixado em contato com o meio por três e seis dias. SA (30µM) forneceu os melhores resultados na produção de rutina, sendo 16,56 vezes maior do que o controle após seis dias. SN (30µM) aumentou o teor de rutina em 1,17 vezes. Nas duas concentrações avaliadas durante os experimentos de elicitação, nem SA nem SN alteraram os parâmetros de crescimento, como comprimento da parte aérea, número de folhas ou peso fresco e seco das plântulas de H. marrubioides cultivadas in vitro em relação ao controle. Com base nestes resultados, os elicitores abióticos SA e SN forneceram com sucesso Hyptis marrubioides in vitro com maior conteúdo de rutina.

COMPARACIÓN DE LA EFECTIVIDAD ENTRE CRIOTERAPIA vs LA COMBINACIÓN DE ÁCIDO SALICÍLICO AL 20% + ÁCIDO LÁCTICO AL 12% PARA EL TRATAMIENTO DE VERRUGAS VULGARES EN NIÑOS Y ADOLESCENTES / A COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTIVENESS BETWEEN CRYOTHERAPY vs A COMBINATION OF 20% SALICYLIC ACID + 12% LACTIC ACID FOR THE TREATMENT OF VULGAR WARTS IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

RESUMEN Las verrugas vulgares son neoformaciones cutáneas benignas causadas por el virus del papiloma humano 2 (HPV - 2), pero relacionadas también con los serotipos 1, 4, 7, 26 y 29. Aparecen en particular en la edad infantil, pueden localizarse en cualquier parte del cuerpo, más comúnmente en manos y antebrazos. Existen múltiples tratamientos para este tipo de verrugas, entre ellos: la aplicación de ácido salicílico y la crioterapia, considerados de primera línea; sin embargo, se han realizado pocos estudios que comparen la efectividad de los mismos, motivo por el que se realizó un ensayo clínico controlado abierto aleatorizado, en donde se comparó la efectividad de la aplicación de crioterapia vs la aplicación de una solución de ácido salicílico al 20% + ácido láctico al 12% (AS/AL), para el tratamiento de verrugas vulgares en niños y adolescentes. Se incluyeron en el estudio a 80 pacientes de entre 5 y 16 años, de ambos sexos, que padecían de verrugas vulgares en manos y antebrazos. Los 80 pacientes fueron divididos en dos grupos de 40 integrantes cada uno, un grupo recibió NL por un máximo de 7 sesiones, el otro recibió AS/AL por un período de 4 semanas. Los resultados demostraron que el nitrógeno líquido, es más efectivo que la combinación de ácido salicílico al 20% + ácido láctico al 12%, para el tratamiento de verrugas vulgares en niños y adolescentes. (OR 28,5; IC 6,011-135,121; p 0,000), la media de sesiones necesaria para lograr la curación fue de 2.1 sesiones. Los principales efectos adversos fueron el dolor (chi237.90; p 0,000) y la aparición de ampollas (chi268.83; p 0,000); sin embargo, fueron efectos leves que no necesitaron tratamiento posterior.

SUMMARY Common warts are benign skin neoplasms caused by HPV-2 virus, but also related serotypes 1, 4, 7, 26 and 29; they appear particularly in childhood, can be located anywhere in the body but most common in hands and forearms. There are many treatments for warts, including the application of salicylic acid and liquid nitrogen, considered as first-line treatments, however there are few studies comparing the effectiveness of salicylic acid vs liquid nitrogen, which is why we made a controlled clinical trial comparing the effectiveness of liquid nitrogen vs a solution of salicylic acid 20% + 12% lactic acid for treatment of common warts in children and adolescents. The study included 80 patients between 5 and 16 years of both sexes, who suffer of common warts on hands and forearms. The 80 patients were divided in two groups of 40 members each, one group received liquid nitrogen by a maximum of 7 sessions, and the other received a solution of salicylic acid 20% + 12% lactic acid for a period of 4 weeks. The results showed that liquid nitrogen is more effective than the combination of salicylic acid 20% + 12% lactic acid for the treatment of common warts in children and adolescents (OR28.5, CI 6.011 to 135.121, P 0.000). The mean number of sessions required to achieve healing was 2.1 sessions. The main adverse effects were pain (chi2 37.90, P 0.000) and blisters (chi2 68.83, P 0.000) never the less, the effects were mild and they did not need further treatment.

Treatment of Warts in Children: An Update. / Actualización sobre el tratamiento de las verrugas vulgares en los niños.

Warts are among the most common skin infections in children. Although numerous treatment options are available, none are completely effective in a single session. Treatment is particularly complicated in children, not only because certain treatments are poorly tolerated, but also because parents frequently have unrealistic expectations. In this article, we offer an update on the treatments available for warts, focusing specifically on pediatric patients. We do not discuss treatments for oral and anogenital warts.

Eficacia terapéutica frente a la caspa grasa y la caspa seca de compuestos basados en terpineol, ácido salicílico y climbazol / Therapeutic effectiveness against oily or dry dandruff of compounds based on terpineol, salicylic acid and climbazole

Introducción: la caspa se define como una descamación excesiva del cuero cabelludo, en general acompañada de prurito. Su etiología es multifactorial y depende de la presencia de levaduras del género Malassezia, de la producción de sebo y de la susceptibilidad individual. Más allá de los tratamientos tradicionales para controlar la caspa, existen nuevas formulaciones que pueden incluir queratolíticos como el ácido salicílico, el climbazol, que además de agente antimicótico presenta potenciales propiedades antiproteolíticas o el terpineol, antimicótico de amplio espectro con acción antiinflamatoria. Objetivo: el objetivo principal de este estudio, consistió en evaluar el efecto sobre la caspa grasa de un champú con terpineol, extracto de sauce, ácido salicílico, climbazol y lipoaminoácido seborregulador y de una loción con terpineol, ácido salicílico, climbazol y glucósidos del extracto de roble y té verde. Se evaluó igualmente la eficacia sobre la caspa seca de un champú con terpineol, extracto de sauce, ácido salicílico y climbazol. Se realizaron una visita inicial (T0), otra al finalizar tratamiento (T28) y una final (T42), para evaluar la eventual reaparición de la caspa una vez suspendido el tratamiento. Material y Método: estudio unicéntrico abierto, no aleatorizado, a simple ciego, de 42 días de duración, llevado a cabo en 78 pacientes con caspa grasa o seca. Se clasificó la gravedad de la caspa en 4 grados. Según el tipo de caspa y su grado, se administraron un champú para caspa grasa (A), un champú para caspa seca (B), una loción para caspa grasa (C) o un champú neutro (D). Se establecieron 4 grupos de tratamiento en función del producto asignado (A, B, AC y CD). Resultados: un 59% de los participantes fueron mujeres y un 41% varones. La edad media fue de 47 años (rango 20-72). Del total de pacientes: 20 presentaron caspa grasa en grado medio-bajo (grupo A), 20 caspa seca en cualquier grado (grupo B), 17 caspa grasa en grado elevado (grupo AC) y 21 caspa grasa en grado medio-alto (grupo CD). Al cabo de cuatro semanas de tratamiento, el grado de caspa se redujo vs. basal en ≥70% de los casos en todos los grupos. Estas cifras ascendieron, en los pacientes con caspa grasa, a un 70% (grado bajo-medio), un 76,2% (grado medio-alto) y un 88,2% (grado elevado); el efecto fue más notable en aquellos con caspa seca, donde la cifra fue del 90%. La eliminación de la caspa fue completa en el 78,5%, 62,5%, 47% y 44,4% de ellos, respectivamente. Una vez transcurridas las dos semanas de lavado posterior al tratamiento, el nivel de caspa siguió descendiendo en un 55% de los pacientes tratados con el champú A, un 57,1% de los que emplearon la loción C, el 58,8% de los que usaron el champú A + la loción C, y el 35% de los que recibieron el champú B. Se declararon satisfechos o muy satisfechos con el producto un 70% de los pacientes del grupo A, un 80% del grupo B, un 66,7% del grupo CD y un 70,6% del grupo AD. Conclusiones: los resultados obtenidos en este estudio, orientan acerca de la eficacia frente a la caspa grasa y la caspa seca de dos champúes y una loción basados en terpineol, ácido salicílico y climbazol. Se requieren investigaciones adicionales que amplíen los resultados en este campo.

Introduction: dandruff is defined as excessive flaking of the scalp accompanied by itching. The etiology is multifactorial and depends on the presence of Malassezia yeasts, sebum production and individual susceptibility. Beyond traditional treatments to control dandruff, there are new formulations that may include keratolytics such as salicylic acid; climbazole, an antifungal agent which potential antiproteolytic properties, or terpineol, broad-spectrum antifungal with antiinflammatory action. Objective: the main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect on seborrheic dandruff of a shampoo with terpineol, willow extract, salicylic acid, climbazole and sebum-regulating lipoaminoacid, and a lotion with terpineol, salicylic acid, climbazole and glycosides from oak and green tea extract. Effectiveness on dry dandruff of a shampoo containing terpineol, willow extract, salicylic acid and climbazole was also evaluated. Three study visits were performed (T0, T28 and T42). Methods: single-center, open, non-randomized, single-blind, 42-day study conducted in 78 patients with seborrheic or dry dandruff. Dandruff severity was classified into 4 grades. A shampoo for oily dandruff (A), a shampoo for dry dandruff (B), a lotion for oily dandruff (C) and a neutral shampoo (D) were administered. Four treatment groups were established according to the assigned treatment (A, B, AC and CD). Results: 59% of participants were women and 41% men. The average age was 47 years (range 20-72). Of the total patients, 20 had medium-low oily dandruff (group A), 20 dry dandruff at any level (group B), 17 severe oily dandruff (AC) and 21 medium-high oily dandruff (group CD). After four weeks of treatment the severity of dandruff was reduced vs. baseline in ≥70% of cases in all groups; for oily dandruff results were 70% (low-medium grade), 76.2% (medium-high) and 88.2% (high level); the effect was most marked in patients with dry dandruff (90%). Dandruff removal was complete in 78.5%, 62.5%, 47% and 44.4% of them, respectively. Two weeks after having suspended the treatment, dandruff level continued to decline in 55% of patients treated with shampoo A, 57.1% of those who used the lotion C, 58.8% of patients who used shampoo A + lotion C, and 35% of those receiving shampoo B. Seventy per cent of patients in group A, 80% in group B, 66.7% of the CD group and 70.6% of the AD group were satisfied or very satisfied with the study treatments. Conclusions: the results obtained in this study suggest the effectiveness against oily and dry dandruff of two shampoos and a lotion based on terpineol, salicylic acid and climbazole. Further research to extend the results in this field is required.

Eficacia terapéutica frente a la caspa grasa y la caspa seca de compuestos basados en terpineol, ácido salicílico y climbazol / Therapeutic effectiveness against oily or dry dandruff of compounds based on terpineol, salicylic acid and climbazole

Introducción: la caspa se define como una descamación excesiva del cuero cabelludo, en general acompañada de prurito. Su etiología es multifactorial y depende de la presencia de levaduras del género Malassezia, de la producción de sebo y de la susceptibilidad individual. Más allá de los tratamientos tradicionales para controlar la caspa, existen nuevas formulaciones que pueden incluir queratolíticos como el ácido salicílico, el climbazol, que además de agente antimicótico presenta potenciales propiedades antiproteolíticas o el terpineol, antimicótico de amplio espectro con acción antiinflamatoria. Objetivo: el objetivo principal de este estudio, consistió en evaluar el efecto sobre la caspa grasa de un champú con terpineol, extracto de sauce, ácido salicílico, climbazol y lipoaminoácido seborregulador y de una loción con terpineol, ácido salicílico, climbazol y glucósidos del extracto de roble y té verde. Se evaluó igualmente la eficacia sobre la caspa seca de un champú con terpineol, extracto de sauce, ácido salicílico y climbazol. Se realizaron una visita inicial (T0), otra al finalizar tratamiento (T28) y una final (T42), para evaluar la eventual reaparición de la caspa una vez suspendido el tratamiento. Material y Método: estudio unicéntrico abierto, no aleatorizado, a simple ciego, de 42 días de duración, llevado a cabo en 78 pacientes con caspa grasa o seca. Se clasificó la gravedad de la caspa en 4 grados. Según el tipo de caspa y su grado, se administraron un champú para caspa grasa (A), un champú para caspa seca (B), una loción para caspa grasa (C) o un champú neutro (D). Se establecieron 4 grupos de tratamiento en función del producto asignado (A, B, AC y CD). Resultados: un 59% de los participantes fueron mujeres y un 41% varones. La edad media fue de 47 años (rango 20-72). Del total de pacientes: 20 presentaron caspa grasa en grado medio-bajo (grupo A), 20 caspa seca en cualquier grado (grupo B), 17 caspa grasa en grado elevado (grupo AC) y 21 caspa grasa en grado medio-alto (grupo CD). Al cabo de cuatro semanas de tratamiento, el grado de caspa se redujo vs. basal en ≥70% de los casos en todos los grupos. Estas cifras ascendieron, en los pacientes con caspa grasa, a un 70% (grado bajo-medio), un 76,2% (grado medio-alto) y un 88,2% (grado elevado); el efecto fue más notable en aquellos con caspa seca, donde la cifra fue del 90%. La eliminación de la caspa fue completa en el 78,5%, 62,5%, 47% y 44,4% de ellos, respectivamente. Una vez transcurridas las dos semanas de lavado posterior al tratamiento, el nivel de caspa siguió descendiendo en un 55% de los pacientes tratados con el champú A, un 57,1% de los que emplearon la loción C, el 58,8% de los que usaron el champú A + la loción C, y el 35% de los que recibieron el champú B. Se declararon satisfechos o muy satisfechos con el producto un 70% de los pacientes del grupo A, un 80% del grupo B, un 66,7% del grupo CD y un 70,6% del grupo AD. Conclusiones: los resultados obtenidos en este estudio, orientan acerca de la eficacia frente a la caspa grasa y la caspa seca de dos champúes y una loción basados en terpineol, ácido salicílico y climbazol. Se requieren investigaciones adicionales que amplíen los resultados en este campo.(AU)

Introduction: dandruff is defined as excessive flaking of the scalp accompanied by itching. The etiology is multifactorial and depends on the presence of Malassezia yeasts, sebum production and individual susceptibility. Beyond traditional treatments to control dandruff, there are new formulations that may include keratolytics such as salicylic acid; climbazole, an antifungal agent which potential antiproteolytic properties, or terpineol, broad-spectrum antifungal with antiinflammatory action. Objective: the main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect on seborrheic dandruff of a shampoo with terpineol, willow extract, salicylic acid, climbazole and sebum-regulating lipoaminoacid, and a lotion with terpineol, salicylic acid, climbazole and glycosides from oak and green tea extract. Effectiveness on dry dandruff of a shampoo containing terpineol, willow extract, salicylic acid and climbazole was also evaluated. Three study visits were performed (T0, T28 and T42). Methods: single-center, open, non-randomized, single-blind, 42-day study conducted in 78 patients with seborrheic or dry dandruff. Dandruff severity was classified into 4 grades. A shampoo for oily dandruff (A), a shampoo for dry dandruff (B), a lotion for oily dandruff (C) and a neutral shampoo (D) were administered. Four treatment groups were established according to the assigned treatment (A, B, AC and CD). Results: 59% of participants were women and 41% men. The average age was 47 years (range 20-72). Of the total patients, 20 had medium-low oily dandruff (group A), 20 dry dandruff at any level (group B), 17 severe oily dandruff (AC) and 21 medium-high oily dandruff (group CD). After four weeks of treatment the severity of dandruff was reduced vs. baseline in ≥70% of cases in all groups; for oily dandruff results were 70% (low-medium grade), 76.2% (medium-high) and 88.2% (high level); the effect was most marked in patients with dry dandruff (90%). Dandruff removal was complete in 78.5%, 62.5%, 47% and 44.4% of them, respectively. Two weeks after having suspended the treatment, dandruff level continued to decline in 55% of patients treated with shampoo A, 57.1% of those who used the lotion C, 58.8% of patients who used shampoo A + lotion C, and 35% of those receiving shampoo B. Seventy per cent of patients in group A, 80% in group B, 66.7% of the CD group and 70.6% of the AD group were satisfied or very satisfied with the study treatments. Conclusions: the results obtained in this study suggest the effectiveness against oily and dry dandruff of two shampoos and a lotion based on terpineol, salicylic acid and climbazole. Further research to extend the results in this field is required.(AU)

Peeling quimico médio em lesões papulonodulares de rosácea / Treating papular nodular lesions of rosacea with a medium chemical peel

A rosácea é doença cutânea prevalente, de curso crônico e recidivante. Seu tratamento é,muitas vezes, desafiador.Com frequência, é necessário lançar mão de tratamentos não padronizados para conseguir resultados satisfatórios.Relata-se, em 15 pacientes, o uso de peeling médio com solução de Jessner seguido de ácido tricloroacético a 35%, em sessão única, alcançando bom resultado clínico, acompanhado de melhora histopatológica. O uso do peeling médio deve, portanto, ser considerado no arsenal terapêutico para o tratamento da rosácea.

Development of a new analytical method for determination of acetylsalicylic and salicylic acids in tablets by reversed phase liquid chromatography / Desenvolvimento de um novo método analítico para determinação de ácidos salicílico e acetilsalicílico em comprimidos por cromatografia líquida de fase invertida

Acetylsalicylic acid (AAS) is a drug utilized as analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic medication, available worldwide and commonly used in Brazil. Salicylic acid (AS) is a precursor in AAS synthesis and is also produced during its degradation. The official United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) suggests the determination of these drugs by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), with ultraviolet detection, but this method has neither a high sensitivity (S AAS=0.12 mAbs/(μg/mL) and S AS=0.48 mAbs/(μg/mL)) nor resolution (Rs=1.61). The purpose of this study was to develop a new more adequate, accurate method by liquid phase chromatography than the current official methodology, and to use this new method in the determination of the tenors of acetylsalicylic, as of salicylic acids in tablets. The parameters of the chromatographic system for both the AAS and AS were satisfactory. Selectivity was verified by absorption spectra comparison in the ultraviolet (UV) range, during and after substance retention time. The linear range for AAS was 0.21 to 0.39 mg/mL, and that for AS was 6.3 to 11.7 μg/mL. The correlation coefficients (r) of the analytical curves of AAS and AS were 0.9995 and 0.9988, respectively; and the detection and quantification limits for the AS were 0.23 and 0.69 μg/mL. The sensitivity (S AAS=1.88 mAbs/(μg/mL) and S AS=1.84 mAbs/(μg/mL)) and the resolution (Rs =5.06) show the improvement obtained using this method over that described by the USP.

O ácido acetilsalicílico (AAS) é um fármaco utilizado como analgésico, antiinflamatório, antipirético, sendo amplamente comercializado e consumido no Brasil e no mundo. Como precursor de sua síntese utiliza-se o ácido salicílico (AS) que também é produzido através de sua degradação. A metodologia oficial da Farmacopéia Americana (USP) preconiza a determinação destes fármacos por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE) com detecção por ultravioleta, mas este método não possui boa sensibilidade (S AAS=0,12 mAbs/(μg/mL) e S AS=0,48 mAbs/(μg/mL)) e resolução (Rs =1,61). O objetivo deste trabalho, visando a melhor adequação do sistema cromatográfico em relação à metodologia oficial, foi o desenvolvimento e otimização de um novo método por cromatografia em fase líquida para determinar os teores tanto do ácido acetilsalicílico quanto do salicílico em comprimidos. Os parâmetros da adequação do sistema cromatográfico para o AAS e para o AS foram satisfatórios. A seletividade foi verificada por comparações dos espectros de absorção no ultravioleta (UV) antes, durante e depois do tempo de retenção da substância. A faixa linear de trabalho para o AAS foi de 0,21 a 0,39 mg/mL e a do AS foi de 6,3 a 11,7 μg/mL. Os coeficientes de correlação (r) das curvas analíticas do AAS e do AS foram de 0,9995 e 0,9988, respectivamente e os limites de detecção e quantificação para o AS foram 0,23 e 0,69 μg/mL. A sensibilidade (S AAS=1,88 mAbs/(μg/mL) e S AS=1,84 mAbs/(μg/mL)) e a resolução (Rs=5,06) atestam a melhoria em relação ao método descrito na USP.

Control of brown spot pathogen of rice (Bipolaris oryzae) using some phenolic antioxidants / Controle da macha-parda do arroz (Bipolaris oryzae) pelo emprego de antioxidantes fenólicos

Bipolaris oryzae is the causal agent of rice brown spot disease and is responsible for significant economic losses. In order to control this disease, three phenolic antioxidants were tested (salicylic acid, benzoic acid and hydroquinone). The antifungal activity of the tested substances were investigated against B. oryzae at different concentrations in vitro, as well as the efficacy of their exogenous application in controlling rice brown spot disease under field conditions. In vitro, benzoic acid or salicylic acid at 9 mM completely inhibited the growth of B. oryzae. Under field conditions, spraying of benzoic acid at 20 mM led to a significant reduction in disease severity (DS) and disease incidence (DI) on the plant leaves, in addition to a significant increase in the grain yield and its components. Some biochemical responses were also detected, where the application of the previous treatment led to a significant increase in the total photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a and b and carotenoids) in rice leaves and in the total carbohydrate and protein contents of the yielded grains.

Bipolaris oryzae é o agente causador da doença mancha-parda do arroz e é responsável por significativas perdas econômicas. Três antioxidantes fenólicos (ácido salicílico, ácido benzóico e hidroquinona) foram avaliados para o controle dessa doença do arroz. A atividade antifúngica destes compostos foi avaliada in vitro contra B. oryzae em diferentes concentrações e a eficiência de sua aplicação exógena no controle da mancha-parda foi avaliada em condições de campo. Nos ensaios in vitro, os ácidos benzóico e salicílico a 9 mM inibiram completamente a multiplicação de B. oryzae. Em condições de campo, a aspersão de ácido benzóico a 20 mM causou uma redução significativa na gravidade e incidência da doença na folhas da planta, além de aumentar significativamente o rendimento dos grãos e seus componentes. Algumas respostas bioquímicas foram também observadas, verificando-se que a aplicação do tratamento prévio causou um aumento significativo nos pigmentos fotossintéticos totais (clorofila a e b e carotenóides) nas folhas e no conteúdo de carboidratos e proteínas nos grãos.